The study reviews existing research on the impact of refugees on residents’ livelihoods in host communities in developing countries.

Cooperation on the return of migrants is partially employed strategically by governments in the Gambia, Nigeria, Niger, and Senegal, though mostly on a bilateral level rather than on an EU level.

Since 2014, Nigeria has outlined several initiatives on migration, including a National Migration Policy, strategies on labor migration and diaspora matters, and a coordinating framework to reform migration governance.

The coronavirus pandemic has brought international movement to a standstill, including in West Africa. In reality, however, implementation of the free movement protocols has long faltered.

Abstract Regional migration within Africa and other developing regions is vital for the economic development of countries of origin and destination

To increase legal labour migration pathways, including for lower-skilled workers, the Pact proposes greater and more effective cooperation with non-EU countries through so-called “Talent Partnerships”.

The authors call on G20 leaders to extend more predictable and substantial support to lowand- middle-income countries that host refugees, in recognition of the global public good that these countries provide.

Migration data remains scarce, particularly in the context of developing countries. We demonstrate how geo-referenced online search data can be used to measure migration intentions in origin countries and to predict bilateral migration flows.

The book looks at the potential use of the EU's external financial instruments to address the root causes of migration and refugee inflows.

Irregular migration from Africa across the Mediterranean to the EU has become a central policy issue.